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\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0622\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0643 : \u0641\u064a 1952 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u064a\u0633\u0646\u0629 1959 \u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u062f\u064a \u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u00a0 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u064a\u062f\u062c\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0648\u0641\u0648\u064a\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 . \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0638\u0644 \u062f\u064a \u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0648 \u0628\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0648 \u0643\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621. \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627 (<a href=\"http:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pierre_Guillaumat\">Pierre Guillaumat<\/a>) \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0631\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 &#8220;\u0623\u0644\u0641&#8221; (<a href=\"http:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ELF_Aquitaine\">Elf<\/a>) \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627. \u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064e \u0628\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0639\u0645 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\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0634\u064a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0646: \u0640 \u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 1939 \u0640 1945 \u0640 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0640 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0641 (\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631) \u0648\u0634\u062d\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0643 \u0634\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1995 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0628 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0647 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u060c \u0635\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629\u00a0 \u0645\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628 \u0641\u064a &#8220;\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633&#8221; \u060c \u062d\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 &#8220;\u062a\u0648\u062f\u062a&#8221; (Todt) \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u062c\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1944 \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0642\u0647 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u0641\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062c&#8221; (Viacarage) \u0644\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0640 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 1953\u0640 \u0628\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0638\u0644\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627: \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u064a\u0631\u062f\u0646 (<a href=\"http:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fran%C3%A7ois_Van_Aerden\">Fran\u00e7ois Van Aerden<\/a>) \u0641\u064a &#8220;\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633&#8221; \u0648 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0646 (<a href=\"http:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emile_Buffon\">Emile Buffon<\/a>) \u0641\u064a &#8220;\u062c\u0648\u064a \u062f\u064a \u0628\u0644\u064a\u0646&#8221; \u0633\u0646\u0629 1944. \u00a0\u0648 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 1979 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 &#8220;\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646&#8221; (Robert Boulin) \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0624 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a &#8220;\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a&#8221; \u0622\u0634\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u062a\u064a&#8221; (Achille Peretti) \u0648 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0627 (Charles Pasqua) \u0648 \u062c\u0627\u0643 \u0634\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u00a0 \u0644\u0623\u0646 &#8220;\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646&#8221; \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0648 \u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 (RPR) \u0648 \u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.robertboulin.net\/archives\/2236\">Beno\u00eet Collombat<\/a>) &#8220;\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0648 \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 .. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u062c\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0648 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629) \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0645&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p> \t\u0637\u063a\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0622\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0640 \u0628\u0644\u064a\u0632 \u0643\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a (\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0633\u0648) : \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1987 (\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0647 \u0647\u0648\u0641\u0648\u064a\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648 \u062c\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0631) \u060c \u0623\u0637\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0622\u0646\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062c\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0644\u064a\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0622\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062a\u0639\u0633 \u062a\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 ( \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0633 (Sirex) \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0643\u0633 (Sofitex) ) \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0632\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0648 1998). \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0643\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648 \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u0634\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0632\u064a\u00a0 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1996. \u0640 \u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u064a\u0627 : (\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646) \u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 &#8220;\u0623\u0644\u0641&#8221; (Elf) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u060c \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0644\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0643 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